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Religious thoughts influence the criminal conduct

11/26/2010 Religious people often punish unfair behavior even when they suffer themselves are drawbacks. This shows a new study by Professor Ernst Fehr of the University of Zurich on the role of faith for fair play.
The civilized human coexistence based on respect for social norms such as fairness, cooperation and honesty. What matters is that many people are willing to punish unfair behavior with punishment. This punishment, however, is often associated with disadvantages for the punisher. It can cause a loss of a be profitable transaction out if unfair methods condemned a business partner. Fair play, confronted with an economic advantage, and requires the repression of selfish impulses.



The belief in powerful, moralizing gods helps to suppress such selfish impulses. Those who believe that an omniscient, supernatural power expected of him to meet fair standards of behavior and enforce, it will also do more. Recent findings indicate that religious people tend to maintain the rules of fair play and participate in more prosocial behavior. At the same time is less likely that they cheat to gain an advantage.

Until now, however, has shown no one that promotes a religious background, the enforcement of rules of fairness, even if this creates its own disadvantage. For this reason, examined the research team led by Ernst Fehr, Charles Efferson (both University of Zurich), Ryan McKay (Royal Holloway University of London) and Harvey Whitehouse (Oxford University) the effect of religion on the punishment of unfair behavior, in the own disadvantages to be accepted.

donor punished more

The subjects played a simple economic game in which a player either for a fair result (He gets as much money as the second player) or can provide an unfair but economically advantageous result (the first player will get much more than the second player). The second player could then spend money to reduce the gain of the first player, that is to punish the first player. Before the second player should make the decision on the punishment to address a series of rapidly changing and not consciously perceptible words was shown - a religious vocabulary, secular punishment or control vocabulary words. In some of the subjects who were exposed to all the religious words, the altruistic punishment of unfair decisions adopted strongly - and in subjects who had recently donated to a religious organization.

This result suggests a mechanism that standards of fairness in large anonymous groups, strengthens and adds the question of how religions developed pro-social, an important finding. Religious people punished because they think that the supernatural power of this expected of them and they do not disappoint them. If the belief in a supernatural power strengthens the cooperative behavior within a group, then religion is an ever-increasing number of trailers to survive and thrive. In this way, wear these religions also for their own survival.

source information service idw

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2.0 What bullying?

Whether chatting, social network or on the game platform - online to meet fellow students is not always funny . Sometimes classmates begin to spread vulgarity. But they also abuse their cell phones.

Anne * surfs the SchülerVZ. Sarah from the gymnastics club has offered the friendship. Anne clicked - hey presto one of her profile, a new online friend. Click, click, on page Nicos new photos lights from the class trip. Click, Nico the grimaces. Klick, the math teacher frantically waving in front of the bus. Click - Anne and solidifies. Nico has photographed her butt - head from behind when boarding the bus. Under the image is as a comment: "Man, is the thick, man," Heat shoots in Anne's face. "My butt's not too fat? The look so now all ", she rushes through the brain.


Whether defamatory photos in the social network, scattered rumors in chat or insults via text message - in the new media is a new form of bullying is rampant. The so-called cyber bullying. "Cyber bullying way in many cases, other circuits than traditional bullying," said Media educator Rebecca Maier of the Children and Youth Advisory "Helpline". In the mobile world knows the chicane no breaks, no school hours and no holidays. Bullied students are under constant fire. On the Internet, to disseminate information in seconds with the greatest spread: About forums, invitation features or mass mailings to reach bullying offenders with one click all their acquaintances.

14 percent of young people in Germany 12:00 to 7:00 p.m. years indicate about them is incorrect or offensive ever been spread on the Internet, JIM Youth Study says 2009 of the Media Education Research Association Southwest. For those concerned each incident is one too many, warns Professor Norbert Schneider, director of the State Media Authority of North Rhine-Westphalia. "cyber bullying attacks are virtually left but real wounds"

cyber bullying attacks are virtually left but real wounds
As with Anne. The first unhappy stares at the screen and do not know what to do. "The most important that the children know that they must not tolerate the violation," Maier said determined media educator. "We advise the children, for example, immediately notify the operator of the website that their privacy rights were violated." Facebook SchülerVZ Lokalisten or have it become your own buttons called to report a person "" squeal "or. In his own words punish the networks with bullying or warnings of a temporary or permanent deletion of the profile of the perpetrator. The experts of the "Helpline" recommend that affected children also to ignore the sender to block him or her privacy settings to manage severe.

"However, the deletion of the online insult is not enough," says Maier. Because typically to know Mobbende and bullied. As Anne and Nico. Their conflict with each other are maintained. Nico annoys Anne loss is not just virtually: In the Lessons he mocks them again for ever. "Usually, children can not solve bullying problems alone. Therefore we advise them to look for friends or people they trust, help. "In this way, the chances increase significantly that not only the cyber world, but also the real world a pleasant place again.

last * name.

advises the Youth Info Bremen for the prevention of cyber bullying:

• Carefully with your own data: The more information a person is online, the greater the attack surface. Therefore rarely possible to disclose names and contact information. In social networks, only contact with real friends . Make • With
express caution: In principle, online, any statement can be passed with a few clicks of countless others. So think carefully beforehand.
• inform yourself: Who Googles his own name finds out very quickly where it appear in what context and can act on disagreeable.
• Not responding to attacks: On direct harassment via email, IM or SMS engage the first place. Responses often encourage the attack starting. Therefore, the harassment rather ignore or web site operator to delete request.
• Collect evidence: In order to defend themselves against the bullies, it is useful to repeal abusive emails and SMS or to make screenshots of attacks on websites.

Where there's still more help? contact for students

What is bullying? When a conflict is "normal" and when "bullying"? What can students do to be bullied? Answers to these and other questions can be found here . Stop

source NRW Ministry of Education

Doujinshi Sangoku Bulma

therapy for Alzheimer's Research Network on Child Abuse

05/11/2010 Alzheimer's disease in its course, at least to that is Prof. Dr. Thomas Bayer and Dr. Oliver Wirths, Alzheimer's researcher in the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University of Medicine Göttingen, succeeded in mice. Their Research results are based on a passive "vaccine" against Alzheimer's. As a drug they are using a newly developed antibodies. What is new in the approach: the antibody of the Göttingen scientists aimed not just at the typical Alzheimer's protein deposits in the brain, known as "plaques". Target is rather a special molecular structure that forms the protein "pyroglutamate Abeta. This protein have identified the researchers in Göttingen as the real culprits. With a specific antibody to this protein can be stopped early on its destructive force. The latest research results with a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease promise a successful new treatment approach. The research results were issued on 22 October 2010 Published in: Wirths et al. (2010) Journal of Biological Chemistry online


Previous treatment strategies are aimed primarily at the so-called plaques. This typical Alzheimer's protein deposits formed outside the neurons. The significance of the plaques of the disease process is still controversial among experts. Famous example is the American nuns become study. The more than 600 nuns have been regularly tested neuro-psychologically. Some of them also developed Alzheimer's. Surprisingly, however, that a lot of "plaques" in brains of Nuns were, their perception and learning skills were completely normal and had no signs of Alzheimer's disease. "We believe that plaques are a form of trash for the toxic Abeta protein. One would indeed fight against the emergence, but if they already exist, it can be therapeutically useful to them alone," says Prof. Bayer. "Exactly where our antibody.

In previous studies, the researchers had Alzheimer Göttingen demonstrated in various animal models that cause contrary to previous assumptions, the plaques to the death of nerve cells. They found evidence that the destructive cascade much earlier and in the interior of the Nerve cell is being started. In the post

now study the researchers derived in a trial of Prof. Thomas Bayer international consortium of colleagues from Synaptic Systems (Göttingen) and scientists from Amsterdam, Berlin, Bonn, Helsinki and Uppsala, a completely new structure of the pyroglutamate Abeta peptide discovered and developed contrast-specific antibodies. "These antibodies are the first to identify a soluble, more toxic Abeta variant. Unlike the previous antibodies, which were used for immunizations bind, they are not especially to plaques," says Prof. Bayer.

The newly developed antibodies particularly toxic clumps of pyroglutamate Abeta recognize so-called "oligomers". These oligomers accumulate in the brains of Alzheimer patients, there mainly in nerve cells and blood vessels. This will likely damage the blood vessels. The result is that the oligomers can not flow away from the brain. "We can see that the levels of oligomers in the blood of healthy individuals is high. In Alzheimer's patients have only low levels of oligomers found in the blood, but they are in the brain but much higher," says. Dr. Oliver Wirth: "This suited these antibodies as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's in the blood and brain."

could In the current study demonstrate the Göttingen scientists for the first time that passive immunization with an oligomer-specific antibody, the plaques do not recognize, was successful. In animal models, the antibody was therapeutically effective and stabilized the learning behavior. The passive immunization, antibodies bind fed the toxic oligomers and make them harmless. "With this form of passive immunization, we can probably achieve no cure, but our research shows that the antibodies appeared to stop the progression of Alzheimer's disease," says Prof. Bayer.

Source Information Wissenschaft idw